The particle's speed at t=1 is 4 + 2 = 6 m/s. The particle moves at a speed of 4+22=8 m/s when t=2. The particle's velocity is 4+2t m/s after t seconds.
We presented the kinematic functions of velocity and acceleration using the derivative in Instantaneous Velocity and Speed and Average and Instantaneous Acceleration.
The velocity function was discovered by taking the derivative of the position function, and the acceleration function was discovered by taking the derivative of the velocity function.
We can calculate the velocity function from the acceleration function and the position function from the velocity function using integral calculus.
A particle travelling in a straight line whose velocity drops from 5 m/s to 2 m/s uniformly over the course of one second experiences a constant acceleration of 3 m/s2.
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When the lever is pulled, 2 kg of carbon dioxide is ejected at a speed of 60 m/s. The remaining mass of the person, chair, and cylinder is 80 kg. After the ejection, how fast will the chair be moving?.
The combined velocity of the car and the chair is 1.5 m/s.
How fast are they moving?By the use of the law of the conservation of linear momentum we know that the total momentum before collision is equal to the sum of the final momentum after collision.
We have to first obtain the momentum of the system before and after the collision has occurred as we see below;
Then we have;
Momentum before collision = 2 Kg * 60 m/s = 120 Kgm/s
Momentum after Collison = 80v Kgm/s
Momentum = mv
m = mass of the object
v = velocity of the object
Using the principle of the conservation of momentum;
120 = 90v
v = 120/80
v = 1.5 m/s
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particle a has a mass m and a speed v, while particle b has a mass 2m and a speed 2v. what is the ratio of the kinetic energy of particle b to the kinetic energy of particle a?
The ratio of the kinetic energy of particle b of mass 2m and a speed 2v to the kinetic energy of particle a of mass m and a speed v is 8 : 1
K = 1 / 2 m v²
K = Kinetic energy
m = Mass
v = Velocity
Let kinetic energy of particle a be K1 and kinetic energy of particle b be K2.
For particle a,
K1 = 1 / 2 m v²
For particle b,
m = 2m
v = 2v
K2 = 1 / 2 ( 2 m ) ( 2 v )²
K2 = 4 m v²
The ratio of the kinetic energy of particle b to the kinetic energy of particle a,
K2 / K1 = ( 4 m v² ) / ( 1 / 2 m v² )
K2 / K1 = 8 / 1
Therefore, the ratio of kinetic energy of particle b to the kinetic energy of particle a is 8 : 1
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What is the pressure when 800N is applied to an area of 0.3m2 ?
Answer: [tex]2666.67 \text{ (or in 2 sigfigs, }2.7\times10^{3})[/tex]
Explanation: [tex]1\text{ }\dfrac{\text{N}}{\text{m}^2} = 1 \text{ Pa}\\\\P=\dfrac{F}{A}\\\\P=\dfrac{800\text{ N}}{0.3\text{ m}^2} = 2666.\overline6 \text{ N/m}^2 \approx 2666.67 \text{ Pa} \approx 2.7 \text{ kPa}[/tex]
Don't know if you need to convert to other units but typically in physics it's left as N/m^2 or Pa.
If an element starts off with an activity of 100Bq, and its half life is 10 minutes, what would the activity be after 5 minutes???
I'm literally giving out 100 points and I really need the help :/
From the calculation, the activity of the isotope is 70.7 Bq.
What is the half life?We define the term half life as the amount of a radioactive isotope that is left after a given time. It is in fact the time that it takes for only half of the amount of the radioactive isotopes that is in a sample to remain.
Recall that if a substance is radioactive, this implies that the sample is capable of spontaneous disintegration. The amount of the sample that is present tends to diminish in the system as time increases.
Give the fact that;
Ao = initial activity = 100Bq
A = activity after time t = ??
Time taken = 5 minutes
Half life of the isotope = 10 minutes
Now we know that;
A/Ao = (1/2)^t/t1/2
A/100 = (1/2)^5/10
A/100 = (1/2)^1/2
A = (1/2)^1/2 * 100
A = 70.7 Bq
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3. Cylinder of radius 5 cm and height 20 cm, is made of iron of density 7800 kg/m³, find
a. The volume of the cylinder in m³
b. The mass of the cylinder in kg.
The volume of the cylinder is 1.57 x 10⁻³ m³.
V = πr²h
V = π(5cm)²(20cm)(1m/100cm)³
V = 1.57 x 10⁻³ m³
The mass of the cylinder is 12.25 kg.
ρ = m/v
m = ρv
m = (7800 kg/m³)(1.57 x 10⁻³ m³)
m = 12.25 kg
Imagine a black hole lacking any accretion disk whatsoever. Would this black hole produce any light? why?.
We wouldn't be able to observe the black hole if the accretion disc in it didn't create any light. Due to the black hole's intense gravitational pull, these particles spin at incredibly high speeds, producing an accretion disc and radiation in the process.
Therefore, there is no light when the accretion disc is absent.
Please refer to the solution for this step.
So, option an is the proper response. All other possibilities are false.
Please refer to the solution for this step.
A is the right response in this case.
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Suppose an asteroid orbits the sun with a mean radius 11 times that of Earth. Use the simplified version of
Kepler's third law (T2= a³) to find the period of the asteroid? Round your answer to the nearest Earth year.
Answer:
36 years
Explanation:
Given the equation of Kepler's third law as T² = a³, you want to know the period of an asteroid that has an orbital radius of 11 au.
PeriodSolving the given equation for t, we find ...
T = a^(3/2) . . . . . . take the 1/2 power
Then for a=11, the period in years is ...
T = 11^(3/2) ≈ 36.48
The period of the asteroid is about 36 years.
two forces parallel to the x axis do 11.0 j of work on a small tray while moving it 16.7 m in the x direction across a gym floor. one of the forces has a value of 3.71 n in the x direction. what is the other force?
The other force has magnitude of 2.41 N and direction opposite to that of force 3.71 N parallel to x axis
Let the other force=P
work done=total force*displacement
16.7=(P+3.71)*11
P+3.92=1.51
P=-2.41
Newton is the abbreviation for the SI unit of absolute force known as newton (N). It is described as the amount of force required to accelerate a kilogram of mass by one meter per second. In the foot-pound-second (English, or customary) system, one newton is equivalent to around 0.2248 pounds of force or 100,000 dynes in the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system.
The newton was given its name in honor of Sir Isaac Newton, whose second rule of motion outlines the modifications that a force may cause in a body's motion.
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what is the speed of the protons? (note: the speed is high enough that, in principle, we should use a relativistic calculation--something you'll learn about further--but for this problem you should use the formulas you are already familiar with.)
The speed of the protons v is 1.089[tex]e^{8}[/tex] m/s.
What is a proton?Every atom has a proton, a subatomic particle, in its nucleus. The particle has an electrical charge that is opposite to the electrons and is positive.
Define potential difference.To establish a potential difference, a unit of positive electric charge must be transported from one location to another.
Here we are given a potential difference as 62MV= 62[tex]e^{6}[/tex]V
Now, as per classical definition, equation P.E. and the K.E.
So we have,
qV = 1/2[tex]\frac{m}{s^{2} }[/tex]
V is the potential difference and v is the velocity.
v = [tex]\sqrt\frac{2qV}{m}[/tex]
By substituting the values we get,
v = 1.089[tex]e^{8}[/tex] m/s
The speed of the protons v is 1.089[tex]e^{8}[/tex] m/s.
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A patient's tumor is being treated with proton-beam therapy. The protons are accelerated through a potential difference of 62 MV. What is the speed of the protons? (Note: The speed is high enough that, in principle, we should use a relativistic calculation something you'll learn about in Chapter 27 but for this problem, you should use the formulas you are already familiar with.)
a 22-g bullet traveling 240 m/s penetrates a 1.7 kg block of wood and emerges going 125 m/s .if the block is stationary on a frictionless surface when hit, how fast does it move after the bullet emerges?
Answer:
m v1 = M V + m v2 conservation of momentum
V = m (v1 - v2) / M
V = .022 (240 - 125) / 1.7 = 1.49 m/s
a train slows down as it rounds a sharp horizontal turn, going from 90.0 km/h to 50.0 km/h in the 15.0 s it takes to round the bend. the radius of the curve is 150 m. compute the acceleration at the moment the train speed reaches 50.0 km/h. assume the train continues to slow down at this time at the same rate
The acceleration at the moment the train speed reaches 50.0 km/h is -0.74 m/s².
What is acceleration of an object?
The acceleration of an object is the change in the velocity of the object with time.
a = Δv/Δt
where;
Δv is change in velocity of the objectΔt is change in time of motion of the objecta = (vf - vi) / t
where;
vf is the final velocity of the train = 50 km/h = 13.89 m/svi is the initial velocity of the train = 90 km/h = 25 m/sSubstitute the given parameters and solve for the acceleration of the train.
a = (13.89 m/s - 25 m/s) / (15 s)
a = -0.74 m/s²
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(a) is it possible for the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field to be zero? (b) is it possible for the electric force on a charge moving in an electric field to be zero? (c) is it possible for the resultant of the electric and magnetic forces on a charge moving simultaneously through both fields to be zero?
a)It is possible for the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field to be zero. The force acting on the charge is zero when a charge is moving in the same or opposite direction of the magnetic field. When a is charge moving parallel in the same direction of the magnetic field, then the magnetic force is zero.
b)It is not possible for the electric force on a charge moving in an electric field to be zero. If there's a charged particle in a magnetic field, it's impossible for this force to become zero.
c)It is not possible for the resultant of the electric and magnetic forces on a charge moving simultaneously through both fields to be zero. The magnetic force can be zero but the electric force cannot be zero because it is not affected by the motion of the particles.
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a football kicker can give the ball an initial speed of 25m/s. what are the a) least and b) the greatest elevation angles at which he can kick the ball to score a field goal from a point 50m in front of goalposts whose horizontal bar is 3.44m above the ground?
tan0=1.95 and tan0=0.605 are two solutions. 0 = 63 and theta 0 = 31 are the corresponding (first quadrant) angles.
The elevation angle is the angle between the horizontal line of sight and the object when standing and looking at something. The angle of depression is the angle between the horizontal line of sight and the object if the person is standing and looking down at the object. The rise or rise of something is called elevation. Mountains have an elevation based on their height, and your mood rises the happier you are. Elevation is a noun that describes the height of something above a surface or ground line. It is also a term of measurement for things like temperatures or degrees.
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A piston contain oxygen at 280k occupying a volume of 0.25m^3.the cylinder is compressed adiabtically to 0.14m^3 find the increase in tempratur of the gas
The gas's internal energy rises by 250 J when the value is positive. So, the increase in temperature of the gas is 250 J.
Any device addressing the relationship between heat and work must be designed with a working knowledge of thermodynamics. This method ignores actions that take place at the molecular level in favor of considering a particular amount of matter.
In macroscopic thermodynamics, the effects are based on observable, quantifiable quantities, and the attributes of the system are given to the system as a whole.
Work cannot "store" energy like the aforementioned forms can. It is merely a momentary manifestation process of energy transmission. Heat cannot transport energy either; it is merely a temporary manifestation process. Therefore, other types of energies in transition include heat and work.
by setting a limit, identifies the subject of the manifestation analysis. Either "a distinct collection of substance" or "a region in space" must be handled consistently.
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A 1500 kg car travels around a circular track at a constant speed. a) If the radius of the path is 200 m and the car is traveling at 45 m/s, how long does it take the car to do a lap around the track? b) What net force is acting on the car in the horizontal direction? c). What force keeps the car in a circular path? d). What is the coefficient of static friction between the car’s tires and the road?
a) The time taken is 4.44 s
b) The force that keeps it moving is 15188 N
c) The centripetal force is responsible for the motion in the circular path.
d) The coefficient of the friction is 1.03
What is the centripetal force?The centripetal force is the force that keep the object moving in a circular path. In this case, we need to find the how long does it take the car to do a lap around the track.
a) The time that is taken is the radio of the distance to the speed of the object. Thus the time that is taken = 200 m/45 m/s = 4.44 s
b) The net force that acts on the car as it is negotiating the circular path is given as; mv^2/r = 1500 * (45)^2/200
= 15188 N
c) The centripetal force keeps the car on the circular path
d) The coefficient of static friction is; 15188 N/1500 kg * 9.8 m/s^2
= 1.033
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a bird flying 3.45 m / s directly north feels a window directly east and accelerates 0.558 m / S^2. What is its velocity 5.25 s later
If a bird flying 3.45 m / s directly north feels a window directly east and accelerates 0.558 m / s², then its velocity after 5.25 seconds would be
What are the three equations of motion?There are three equations of motion given by Newton,
v = u + at
S = ut + 1/2×a×t²
v² - u² = 2×a×s
As given in the problem If a bird flying 3.45 m / s directly north feels a window directly east and accelerates 0.558 m / s²,
By using the first equation of motion,
v = u + a × t
v = 3.45 + 0.558 × 5.25
v = 6.537 m / s
Thus, its velocity after 5.25 seconds would be 6.537 m / s
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Answer:
about 4.53 m/s 40.3° east of north
Explanation:
You want the velocity of a bird flying 3.45 m/s north after being accelerated by a wind at 0.558 m/s² directly east for 5.25 seconds.
Velocity componentsThe attached table shows the result of the acceleration. The change in "x" velocity is the product of the acceleration and time. The y-velocity is unaffected by the easterly acceleration.
Final velocityThe magnitude of the final velocity is the root of the sum of the squares of its components:
Vf = √(2.9295² +3.45²) ≈ 4.5226 . . . . m/s
The direction of the final velocity is ...
arctan(3.45/2.9295) ≈ 49.7° . . . . . CCW from east
The magnitude of the bird's final velocity is about 4.53 m/s. Its direction is about 40.3° east of north, or 49.7° north of east. The components of the velocity are about 2.93 m/s east and 3.45 m/s north.
__
Additional comment
The second attachment shows the bird's direction as a "bearing" angle, conventionally measured clockwise from north. The answer above gives the complementary angle, measured CCW from east.
Problem values are given to 3 significant figures, so we have rounded results to that precision.
What is the mass of a blow dart that experiences a blowing force of 0.20 Newtons and travels the length of the 1.2 meter barrel in 0.04 seconds? (HINT: first find the acceleration)
The mass of a blow dart that experiences a blowing force of 0.20 Newtons and travels the length of the 1.2 meter barrel in 0.04 seconds is 0.26 g
a = v / t
v = d / t
a = Acceleration
v = Velocity
d = Distance
t = Time
d = 1.2 m
t = 0.04 s
v = 1.2 / 0.04
v = 30 m / s
a = 30 / 0.04
a = 750 m / s²
According to Newton's second law of motion,
F = m a
F = Force
m = Mass
F = 0.2 N
m = F / a
m = 0.2 / 750
m = 2.6 * [tex]10^{-4}[/tex] kg
m = 0.26 g
Therefore, the mass of a blow dart is 0.26 g
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determine the tension developed in cable ab for equilibrium of the 440- lb crate. determine the tension developed in cables ac for equilibrium of the 440- lb crate. determine the force developed along strut ad for equilibrium of the 440- lb crate.
In physics, a system is said to be in equilibrium when neither its internal energy state nor its state of motion tend to vary over time. If all of the forces operating on a single particle are vector summated to zero, equilibrium occurs.
In physics, tension is the pulling force that is conveyed axially by a string, cable, chain, or other similar one-dimensional continuous item, or by either end of a rod, truss member, or other similar three-dimensional object.
Equilibrium refers to the state of a system when neither its internal energy state or state of motion tend to change over time. Equilibrium for a single particle occurs when the vector sum of all force acting on the particle is zero.
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A 0.12-kg apple falls off a tree branch that is 2.3 m above the thick grass. The apple sinks 0.067 m into the grass while stopping. Determine the average contact force that the grass alone exerts on the apple while stopping it. Ignore air resistance.
Answer:
F = 20 N
Explanation:
Given:
m = 0.12 kg
H = 2.3 m
S = 0.067 m
g = 9.8 m/s²
____________
F - ?
1)
Potential energy over grass:
Wp = m*g*H = 0.12*9.8*2.3 ≈ 2.7 J
2)
Work against the friction force of the grass:
A = F₁*S
3)
According to the law of conservation of energy:
A = Wp
F₁*S = Wp
F₁ = Wp / S = 2.7 / 0.067 ≈ 40 N
4)
Average grass resistance strength:
F = F₁ / 2 = 40 / 2 = 20 N
a 0.11 kgkg steel ball is tied to the end of a string and then whirled in a vertical circle at a constant speed vv . the length of the string is 0.62 mm , and the tension in the string when the ball is at the top of the circle is 4.0 nn . what is vv ?
The speed of the ball during centripetal motion is 4.75 m/s.
We need to know about centripetal force to solve this problem. When an object moves in a circular motion, the object is experiencing centripetal force. The magnitude of centripetal force is
Fc = m . v²/R
where Fc is the centripetal force, m is mass, v is velocity and R is the radius.
From the question, we know that
m = 0.11 kg
F = 4 N
R = 0.62 m
The tension in the string is equal to centripetal force
T = Fc
4 = m . v²/R
4 = 0.11 . v² / 0.62
v² = 22.55
v = 4.75 m/s
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For the velocity-time graph shown, which statement describes what happens to the velocity between approximately 24 s and 25 s?
A) The lander's velocity increases away from the reference.
B) The lander's velocity decreases toward the reference.
C) The lander's velocity decreases away from the reference.
D) The lander's velocity increases toward the reference.
The statement that describes what happens in the graph is option (B).
The lander's velocity decreases toward the reference.
What is velocity time graph?Velocity time graph is a type of graph that describes the change in velocity with respect to time of motion of an object.
Below is the basic explanation of the behavior of the average velocity of the particle with time.
initially at 10 seconds, the average velocity of the particle was constant.above 10 seconds, the average velocity of the particle increases with increase in time of motion.above 15 seconds, the increase in the average velocity with time decreased. between 20 and 25 seconds, there was a decrease in the average velocity from about - 5 m/s to about -15 m/s.Thus, we can conclude that between 20 and 25 seconds in the velocity tike graph, the average velocity of the object decreased towards the reference point (reference velocity = - 40 m/s.).
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after struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. when you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. in this case you used to solve the problem.
You used insight in this situation to find a solution to which you struggling to solve.
On the three aspects of process, task, and phenomenology, there are various definitions of insight (Llinger and Knoblich, 2009). Process is concerned with the cognitive processes that result in clever answers. An analytical process emphasises a deliberate and systematic evaluation of the problem, emphasising logical deduction and strategic thinking, as opposed to descriptions of insightful problem solving processes that emphasise a sudden certainty of a correct response with little to no conscious access to the processing of the solution. It is widely recognised that it is difficult to measure a subjective experience like insight objectively (Llinger and Knoblich, 2009; Ash et al., 2009). In the past, researchers have made use of "classic insight problems," vague issues that Gestalt psychologists first utilised to induce feelings of insight upon realising the solution.
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Part A
Which yoga poses did you perform best? Which poses do you still need to improve on?
Answer:
Knees to Chest
Be consistent. Setting and committing to a regular practice of yoga is absolutely essential if you want to make improvements. ..
Answer: Dog pose was really easy, but tree pose was really difficult because it was hard to balance.
In coming to a stop, a car has left black tire marks of length 92 m on a road. Assuming
the best rate of slowing down for this car is 7 m/s calculate the velocity of the car just
before braking
Fall
The velocity of the car just before breaking 35.9 m/s
Braking distance, s = 92.0 m
Deacceleration = 7 m/s²
Speed of the car when stopped, =0
Let the speed of the car just before braking, =0
Using the equation of motion ²=²+2as
² = ² - 2as
² = 0² - 2(-7)(92.0)
² = 1288
≈ 35.9 m/s ← speed of the car just before breaking
What is acceleration?Acceleration can be defined as a vector quantity that determines the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object continues to accelerate as it changes its speed over and over again.
Acceleration has nothing to do with changing the target's movement speed. If an object does not change its speed, then the object is not accelerating. The data on the right represents an object moving north. The speed of the target changes over time. In fact, the speed changes by a constant amount - ie. 10 m/s - every second. When the speed of an object changes, the object is said to be in accelerated motion or acceleration.
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an ideal spring of negligible mass is 12.00 cmcm long when nothing is attached to it. when you hang a 3.75 kgkg object from it, you measure its length to be 13.40 cmcm.
If we have an ideal spring and attach a mass of 3.75 kg to it such that the spring extends from 12 cm to 13.40 cm, then its spring constant is 2678.57 N/m
When a force applied to a spring, then according to the Hooke's Law:
F = - k. x
Where:
F = applied force
k = spring constant
x = change in spring's length
The minus sign indicates that the displacement and the restoring force is in the opposite direction.
The given parameters:
x1 = 12 cm
x2 = 13.4 cm
Hence,
x = x2 - x1 = 13.4 - 12 = 1.4 cm = 1.4 x 10⁻² m
F = 3.75 . 10 = 37.5 N
Then,
k = F/x = 37.5 / (1.4 x 10⁻² ) = 2678.57 N/m
Complete question:
An ideal spring of negligible mass is 12.00 cm long when nothing is attached to it. when you hang a 3.75 kg object from it, you measure its length to be 13.40 cm. What is the spring constant?
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A 0.10kg mass is oscillating at a small angle from a light string with a period of 0.63s. What is the length of the pendulum?
Answer: 00.99m
Explanation:
because
Answer: 0.099
Explanation: Khan
# 14 If you have a tire blowout when driving on the highway, you should not use your brakes until...
If you have a tire blowout when driving on the highway, you should not use your brakes until the vehicle has nearly rolled to a stop.
If you have a tire blowout when driving on the highway, you should not use your brakes until the vehicle has nearly rolled to a stop because at high speed the deviation is more.
Rolling is a type of motion that combines rotation and translation of that object with respect to a surface, such that, if ideal conditions exist, the two are in contact with each other without sliding. Rolling where there is no sliding is referred to as pure rolling.
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isabella's mom bought her a microscope so she could observe a plant cell.during her observation, she rotates the objective lens from 4x to 10x so she could view the plant cell at a higher magnification. what was the total magnification when she changed the objective lens?
Add the eyepiece's power, typically 10X, to the objective's (4x) power to get the overall magnification. Total magnification for 4x lens is 40x and 10x is 400x.
Make sure the 4X scanning objective is locked into position and the stage is completely down before viewing a slide through the microscope.
Set the slide over the aperture that you want to see, then carefully place the stage clips on top of the slide to secure it in place.
Start with the 4X objective, keep both eyes open while looking through the eyepiece (if necessary, cover one with your palm), and gradually raise the stage using the coarse adjustment knob until the image is clear. The coarse adjustment knob will only need to be used once during the operation. You will be utilizing parfocal microscopes, which means that the image. Things appear 40 times bigger than they are using a 40x objective. Comparing objective magnification is relative. The capacity of a microscope to create an image of an object at a scale bigger (or even smaller) than its real size is known as magnification.
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an unwary football player collides with a padded goalpost while running at a velocity of 5.10 m/s and comes to a full stop after compressing the padding and his body 0.600 m. (a) what is his acceleration (in m/s2)? (assume the initial direction of motion is the positive direction. indicate the direction with the sign of your answer.)
The acceleration of an unwary football player during uniform motion is 21.675 m/s² with a positive direction.
We need to know about the uniform motion to solve this problem. The uniform motion is an object's motion under acceleration. It should follow the rule
vt = vo + a . t
vt² = vo² + 2a . s
s = vo . t + 1/2 . a . t²
where vt is final velocity, vo is initial velocity, a is acceleration, t is time and s is displacement.
From the question above, we know that
vo = 5.1 m/s
s = 0.6 m
vt = 0 m/s
By substituting the given parameters, we can calculate the acceleration
vt² = vo² + 2a . s
0² = 5.1² + 2a . 0.6
1.2a = - 26.01
a = 21.675 m/s²
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when rebuilding her car’s engine, a physics major must exert 240 n of force to insert a dry steel piston into a steel cylinder. what is the magnitude of the normal force between the piston and cylinder in newtons if the coefficient of kinetic friction between the piston and cylinder is 0.3?
If the coefficient of kinetic friction between two sliding surfaces is μ and the normal force between them is N, then the kinetic friction between them is given by μ = F/N . Therefore N= 800.
Given
kinetic friction μ = 0.3
and kinetic friction μ = F/N
N = normal force
where F = frictional force
F = 240 n
N = F/μ
= 240 n/0.3
N = 800 n
There are two types of friction kinetic friction, also known as dynamical friction, and static friction. A force acting in opposition to the direction of a moving body on the surface is felt. The two materials' coefficient of kinetic friction will determine how much force is applied. Kinetic friction occurs whenever two surfaces slide past one another. The application of brakes to tyres, the movement of an object across the ground, such as a box, or the rubbing of sandpaper all cause kinetic friction. The coefficient of friction, which measures the relationship between the frictional force and the normal force, provides a good description of friction. It obstructs the motion of several different items.
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