From the calculation that is based on the ICE table shown, the pH of the solution is 1.8.
What is the pH?Let us recall that the KNO2 is a salt of the nitrous acid. Our concern now would be on the nitrous ion and we are going to make up the ICE table from the following;
NO2^-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ HNO2(aq) + OH^-(aq)
HNO2 (aq) ⇄ H^+(aq) + NO2^-(aq)
I 0.59 0 0
C -x +x +x
E 0.59 -x x x
Now we know that the Ka of HNO2 is 4.0x10^-4.
Ka = [H^+] [NO2^-]/[ HNO2]
4.0x10^-4 = x^2/0.59 -x
4.0x10^-4(0.59 -x) = x^2
2.36 x10^-4 - 4.0x10^-4x = x^2
x^2 + 4.0x10^-4x - 2.36 x10^-4 = 0
x=0.015
pH = -log(0.015)
pH = 1.8
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a 425 ml sample of a gas is collected over water at 730 torr and 23 C degrees. What would the volume of the "dry" gas be at STP?
Answer:
so I can do it tomorrow
Explanation:
3(+7-(#679''78()
wag nyo na po pansinin yung nasa taas bwahahahaha
How many moles of KClO3 solid must be reacted according to the following balanced chemical reaction to transfer -34.2 kJ of heat? 2KClO₃(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O₂(g) ∆H = -89.4kJ
If you've done stoichiometry already, it's easiest to do enthalpy problems like this in the same way where your ∆H is just part of the 'railroad tracks'.
-34.2 kJ (2 mol KClO3/-89.4 kJ) = 0.765 mol KClO3
During a physics experiment, an electron is accelerated to 93 percent of the speed of light. What is the speed of the electron in miles per hour? (speed of light = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s, 1 km = 0.6214 mi)
speed of the electron = 0.93*speed of light
= 0.93*3.00 × [tex]10^{8}[/tex] m/s*(0.6214 mi/1 km)*(3600 s/hr)
= 6.24X [tex]10^8[/tex] mi/hr
What is speed?
Speed is defined as the rate at which the position of an object changes in any direction.
There are four types of speed and they are:
Constant Speed: An object is at a constant Speed when the object travels the same distance in equal intervals of time. Variable Speed: An object is said to have variable speed when the object travels varying distances at regular intervals. Average Speed: Average speed is defined as the constant speed obtained by dividing the total distance travelled by the object by the total time spent on the object. Instantaneous Speed : When an object moves with a variable speed, the speed of the object at any instant of time is called the instantaneous speed.To learn more about speed, visit;
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What is the pH of an aqueous solution if the [H3O+] = 0.055 M?
Answer
pH = 1.26
Explanation
If the [H3O+] of an aqueous solution is 0.055 M, then its pH can be calculated using the pH formula below.
[tex]\begin{gathered} pH=-log[H_3O^+] \\ \\ pH=-log(0.055) \\ \\ pH=-(-1.26) \\ \\ pH=1.26 \end{gathered}[/tex]The pH of an aqueous solution of 0.055 M is 1.26
A researcher studying the nutritional value of a new candy places a 6.00 g sample of the candy inside a bomb calorimeter and combusts it in excess oxygen. The observed temperature increase is 2.42 ∘C. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 30.70 kJ⋅K−1, how many nutritional Calories are there per gram of the candy?
We obtain the nutritional calories as 2967 cal/g.
What is the nutritional Calories are there per gram of the candy?Now we know that heat is evolved when we combust a compound or a substance inside the bomb calorimeter. Given that we have the following information about the system;
Temperature rise = 2.42 ∘C
Heat capacity = 30.70 kJ⋅K−1
The we have the energy as obtained from;
H = 30.70 kJ⋅K−1 * 2.42 ∘C = 74.29 kJ or 17.8 * 10^3 cal
Now we are required in this question as we have it to obtain the heat capacity per gram as; 17.8 * 10^3 cal/6g = 2967 cal/g
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What is the volume of a 10% m/v aqueous solution that contains 37.8g of HN03?
378mL is the volume of a 10% m/v aqueous solution that contains 37.8g of HN03
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution in which the solvent is water is referred to as an aqueous solution. By adding (aq) to the appropriate chemical formula, it is typically shown in chemical equations. For instance, Na+(aq) + Cl would be used to represent a table salt solution (also known as sodium chloride, or NaCl) in water (aq).
The word aqueous, which derives from the Latin word aqua, means being or consisting of water. Water is a common solvent in chemistry because it works great as a solvent and is also readily available. In experiments, water is frequently used as the solvent; therefore, unless otherwise specified, the term "solution" refers to an aqueous solution.
The mass of HNO3 = 37.8g
The mass is 10% m/v of the solution which implies
10/100 = mass/ volume
Volume = 10mass
Volume = 10(37.8g)
Volume = 378mL
Thus, 378mL is the volume of a 10% m/v aqueous solution that contains 37.8g of HN03
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Hi my teacher gave me this and i have absolutely no idea how to complete this please helpNumber 1
Answer
V₂ = 1.9 L
Explanation
Given:
P₁ = 1.5 atm
V₁ = 3.0 L
T₁ = 20⁰C = (20 + 273 )K = 293 K
P₂ = 2.5 atm
T₂ = 30⁰C = (30 + 273 )K = 303 K
What to find:
V₂
Step-by-step solution:
The unknown V₂ can be determined using the combined gas equation, which is given below.
[tex]\begin{gathered} \frac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2V_2}{T_2} \\ \\ \Rightarrow V_2=\frac{P_1V_1T_2}{T_1P_2} \end{gathered}[/tex]Putting the values of the given parameters into the equation, we have
[tex]V_2=\frac{1.5atm\times3.0L\times303K}{293K\times2.5atm}=\frac{1363.5\text{ }L}{732.5}=1.9\text{ }L[/tex]Therefore, the unknown V₂ in number 1 is 1.9 L
Investigating Energy Systems
Posible Subclaims:
The Hand-Crank Generator System does have energy.
or
The Hand-Crank Generator System does not have energy.
Evidence
(observations about whether the system does or does not have energy)
This matters because . . .
(How does this evidence support the subclaim?)
Therefore, . . .
(subclaim)
Answer:
Investigating Energy Systems
Posible Subclaims:
The Hand-Crank Generator System does have energy.
or
The Hand-Crank Generator System does not have energy.
Evidence
Chemistry help please asap
No. of atoms in 39.1g of P is 7.59× 10²³ atoms. No. of atoms in 8.97g of Bi is 2.58 × 10²² atoms
1. Given,
we have to find number of atoms in 8.97g of Bi
Now,
Molecular weight of Bi = 209g
Hence,
1 mole of Bi = 209g
209 g of Bi = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms
Hence,
8.97 g of Bi = 6.022 × 10²³ × 8.97 / 209 atoms
Number of atoms in 8.97g of Bi = 2.58 × 10²² atoms
2. we have to find number of atoms in 39.1g of P
Now,
Molecular weight of P = 31g
Hence,
1 mole of P = 31g
31 g of P= 6.022 × 10²³ atoms
Hence,
39.1 g of P = 6.022 × 10²³ × 39.1/31 atoms
No. of atoms in 39.1g of P = 7.59× 10²³ atoms
Thus, from the above conclusion we can say that , No. of atoms in 39.1g of P is 7.59× 10²³ atoms.
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How many grams of titanium(Ti, 47.90 g/mol) are in aninstrument gear with5.74 x 102 atoms of Ti?[?]g
First of all we must know this:
1 mol of Ti,= 47.90 g of Ti, furthermore we can say that:
1 mol Ti = 47.90 g Ti = 6.022x10^23 formula units (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) and in this case, we work with atoms of Ti.
Procedure:
47.90 g (1 mol) of Ti ------------------ 6.022x10^23 atoms of Ti
X ------------------ 5.74x10^22 atoms of Ti
X = 4.600 g of Ti
Answer: 4.600 g of Ti
Electrons are transferred from atoms of
sodium
to atoms of
phosphorus
. This transfer makes the sodium atoms
and the phosphorus atoms
. As a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly
each other.
Answer:
Electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorus. This transfer makes the sodium atoms positive and the phosphorus atoms negative. As a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.
Explanation:
What is a nonrenewable resource?
Non-renewable resources are resources found by humans as a source of energy and such resources cannot be replenished. Therefore such resources should not be wasted.
The earth is rich in resources. Some are unlimited others are inherently limited. Renewable resources are unlimited and can be replenished. However non-renewable resources are finite and must be used carefully to ensure long-term use for future generations. Wood is a renewable resource. This means you can grow additional resources in place of felled wood.
Non-renewable energy comes from resources that are depleted or not replenished over and over again throughout our lifetime. Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels such as coal oil and natural gas. Carbon is the main element of fossil fuels. Air and water are also renewable natural resources. They don't grow like trees or have babies like animals. But they are constantly updated. They move cyclically.
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Calculate the mass, in grams, of 532 atoms of iron, Fe (1 mol of Fe has a mass of 55.85 g).
One mole of a substance contains 6.02×10²³ atoms. This number is called Avogadro number. The mass of 532 atoms of Fe is only 4.93×10⁻²⁰ g.
What is one mole?Any substance which contain 6.02×10²³ atoms is called one mole of the substance. One mole of iron (Fe) is 55.85 g and it contains Avogadro number of atoms or 6.02×10²³ atoms.
Iron is a transition metal with electropositive character and is an essential metal in construction field and in electronic devices.
The atomic mass of iron = 55.85 g/mol.
If 55.85 g of Fe contains 6.02×10²³ atoms, the mass of iron which contain 532 atoms is then calculated as follows:
mass of iron = (532 × 55.85 g) / 6.02×10²³
= 4.93×10⁻²⁰ g.
Hence, The mass of 532 atoms of iron is only 4.93×10⁻²⁰ g.
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state the criterion spontaneity of chemical reaction
Answer:
Criteria for spontaneity in terms of free energy change: (i) If ∆G is negative, the process is spontaneous. (ii) If ∆G is positive, the direct process is non-spontaneous. (iii) If ∆G is zero, the process is in equilibrium.
A farmer intercropped maize, sorghum, and millet in the same field.
What advantage would probably ensue?
Responses
A.) The three crops would provide a channel to slow down runoff.
B.) The farmer would make higher prices at the market.
C.) The farmer would learn about two new crops with strong potential.
D.) The field would be protected against the possibility of total crop loss.
Answer:
D because...........that is the answer
Explanation:
your welcome
2KClO₃(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O₂(g) 15. How many liters of O₂ will be produced at a temperature of 37OC and 1520 torr if 2 moles of KClO₃ decompose according to the balanced equation given above:
The volume of 79.1 liters of oxygen (O₂) will be produced at a temperature of 370°C and 1520 torr if 2 moles of KClO₃ decompose.
What is the molar volume of the gas?The molar volume (Vm) is the volume occupied by 1 mole of a chemical element or a chemical compound at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP). Molar gas volume is one mole at a specific temperature and pressure and has a fixed volume.
The Molar volume is inversely proportional to density and directly proportional to molar mass. One mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4 liters.
Given, the 2moles of KClO₃ will produce O₂ gas = 3moles
The volume occupied by 3 moles of the oxygen gas at 370°C and 1520 torr is :
Given, n = 3, P = 1520 torr = 2atm and T = 370°C = 643 K
PV = n RT
(2atm) V = (3)(0.082 atm L /K) (643K)
V =79.1 L
Therefore, the volume of oxygen gas produced will be equal to 79.1 Litres.
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What is chemical contamination?
List what hazards it may cause for foods
Give at least 4 examples
List at least 5 procedures for preventing this type of contamination
Answer:
There are three major hazards that may be introduced into the food supply any time during harvesting, processing, transporting, preparing, storing and serving food. These hazards may be microbiological, chemical or physical.
Explanation:
microbiological hazards
Microbiological hazard occurs when food becomes contaminated by microorganisms found in the air, food, water, soil, animals and the human body. Many microorganisms are helpful and necessary for life itself. However, given the right conditions, some microorganisms may cause a foodborne illness. Microorganisms commonly associated with foodborne illnesses include bacteria, viruses and parasites.chemical hazardsChemical hazards can occur at any point during harvesting, storage, preparation and service. When toxic chemicals used for pest control or for cleaning and sanitizing food contact surfaces and food preparation equipment come into contact with food, the food may be contaminated by those chemicals.Toxic metals such as copper, brass, cadmium, lead and zinc can be a source of chemical contamination. Zinc, used in galvanized containers (garbage cans) and in gray enamelware containers which may be plated with anatomy or cadmium, can make acidic foods such as orange juice or tomato sauce and pickles poisonous. Pottery dishes with lead glazes should not be used to prepare or serve food.Intentionally added chemicals help to maintain a food’s freshness or to enhance flavors in foods. Check the food ingredient label for more information about the additives. Excessive use of some additives has been linked (see Fact Sheets on Food Allergies and Food Additives) to cases of lethal allergic reactionsparticularly among sensitive individuals, in particular, asthmatics.Foodservice establishments are prohibited by law from using sulfites to maintain product freshness. However, they are still approved for use in some food processing operations, for example, processing shrimp and manufacturing wine. If they are used, the product must be clearly labeled.physical hazardsPhysical hazards usually result from accidental contamination and /or poor food handling practices. Examples include, slivers of glass, human hair, nails, false nails, nail polish, pieces of jewelry, metal fragments from worn or chipped utensils and containers, dirt, stones, frilled toothpicks.Pesticides may leave residues on fruits and vegetables. In general, these residues can be removed by scrubbing the surface and washing with water.Food irradiation is classified as a food additive and is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Irradiation is a process which destroys pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms without compromising safety, nutrition or quality and significantly lengthens storage life. In general, spices are irradiated as a means of controlling bacterial growth and mold. According to Dr. Donald Thayer of the USDA Agricultural Research Service, irradiation looks promising as a treatment for controlling cylospora in fresh produce like raspberries . Contact your local Cooperative Extension office for the latest information on irradiation.
calculate the number of moles in 1.0 × 10^21 atoms
Answer:
0.0017 mole
Explanation:
1 mole = 6.02 x 10^23 atoms
so the number of mole in 1.0 × 10^21 atoms is
(1.0 × 10^21)/(6.02 x 10^23) = 0.00166112956 or 0.0017 mole
The substances that make it up keep their physical properties
Answer:
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in any proportions. The substances in a mixture do not combine chemically, so they retain their physical properties. A homogeneous mixture has the same composition throughout.
water vapor with a total mass of 10.29g occupies
Water vapor with a total mass of 10.29 g occupies 6.07 x 10⁻5 mL of volume.
Density of substance is defined as the mass of the substance per unit of its volume.
We know that,
Density of water vapor at 100°C and standard pressure is 5.9 x 10⁻⁴ g/cm³. To calculate volume, we will use the formula of density, which is -
density = mass
volume
volume = mass x density
We know from the question that,
mass = 10.29 g
Substituting values in the equation,
volume = 10.29 x 5.9 x 10⁻⁴
volume = 6.07 x 10⁻⁵ mL
Hence, the volume occupied by the water vapor is 6.07 x 10⁻⁵ mL
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What is the dose of a medicament for a child that weighs 66 lb if
the dose is stated as 2.5 mg/kg body weight?
The dose of the medicine per one kilogram of a body is 2.5 mg then , the dose of medicine required for 66 lb weight or 29.8 Kg is 74.5 mg.
What is dose of a medicine?Dose of a medicine is the amount of that medicine required to be taken for one time. It can be measured per Kg of body and the dose of medicine can be g or mg.
lb is a unit of weight. Generally we are using kilogram (Kg) unit of for kg. One lb weight = 0.453 kg.
Hence, 66 lb in kilogram weight is written as: 66 × 0.453 Kg = 29.8 Kg. The dose of medicine is 2.5 mg/kg which means, 2.5 mg is required for 1 Kg body.
The dose of the medicine required for 66 lb or 29.8 Kg is calculated by multiplying the dose required for 1 kg to the actual weight of the child as follows:
Dose = 29.8 × 2.5
= 74.5 mg.
Thus, the child that weighs 66 lb or 29.8 kg is required to take the medicine of 74.5 mg dose.
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The correct ionization equation for a weak acid is ?
HA + H2O ⇌ A + H3O+
A + H2O --> HA + H3O+
HA + H3O+ ⇌ A + H2O
HA + H2O --> A + H3O+
The correct ionization equation for a weak acid is as follows: HA + H₂O ⇌ A + H₃O⁺ (option A).
What is a weak acid?A weak acid is an acid that partially dissociates into its ions in an aqueous solution or water. In contrast, a strong acid completely dissociates into its ions in water.
The conjugate base formed when a a weak acid dissociates is a weak base. Examples of weak acids are as follows:
Ethanoic acidformic acid (HCOOH)hydrocyanic acid (HCN)hydrofluoric acid (HF)hydrogen sulfidetrichloracetic acidThe reaction arrow for a weak acid ionizing in water is a double arrow, indicating that both the forward and reverse reactions occur at equilibrium.
Therefore, HA + H₂O ⇌ A + H₃O⁺ is the ionization reaction that represents a weak acid.
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What is the volume of 58.9 grams of oxygen gas (O2) at STP?
Answer
41.2 L
Explanation
Given that:
The mass of oxygen gas (O₂) = 58.9 grams
What to find:
The volume of 58.9 grams of oxygen gas (O₂) at STP.
Step-by-step solution:
The first step is to convert 58.9 grams of oxygen gas (O₂) given to moles using the mole formula:
[tex]Moles=\frac{Mass}{Molar\text{ }mass}[/tex]The molar mass of oxygen gas (O₂) is 31.998 g/mol.
[tex]Moles\text{ }of\text{ }O_2=\frac{58.9g}{31.998g\text{/}mol}=1.8407\text{ }mol[/tex]The final step is to convert the 1.8407 moles of oxygen gas (O₂) to volume using the conversion factor below.
Conversion factor: The molar volume of any gas at STP is 22.4 L. That is, one mole of any gas has a volume of 22.4 L or 22,400 mL.
So,
[tex]\begin{gathered} 1\text{ }mol\text{ }O_2=22.4\text{ }L \\ \\ 1.8407\text{ }mol\text{ }O_2=x \\ \\ x=\frac{1.8407\text{ }mol}{1\text{ }mol}\times22.4\text{ }L \\ \\ x=41.2\text{ }L \end{gathered}[/tex]The forensic technician at a crime scene has just prepared a luminol stock solution by adding 10.0 g of luminol into a total volume of 75.0 mL of H2O .What is the molarity of the stock solution of luminol?Express your answer with the appropriate units.
1) List the known and unknown quantities.
Sample: luminol.
Mass: 10.0 g.
Volume: 75.0 mL.
Molarity: unknown.
2) Set the equation.
[tex]M=\frac{moles\text{ }of\text{ }solute}{liters\text{ }of\text{ }solution}[/tex]3) Conversion of units.
3.1-Convert mass to moles.
The molar mass of luminol (C8H7N3O2) is 177.1601 g/mol.
[tex]mol\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2=10.0\text{ }g\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2*\frac{1\text{ }mol\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2}{177.1601\text{ }g\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2}[/tex][tex]mol\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2=0.05645\text{ }mol\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2[/tex]3.2-Convert mL to L.
1 L = 1000 mL
[tex]L=75.0\text{ }mL*\frac{1\text{ }L}{1000\text{ }mL}=0.075\text{ }L[/tex]4) Plug in the known quantities.
[tex]M=\frac{0.05645\text{ }mol\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2}{0.075\text{ }L}[/tex][tex]M=0.7527\text{ }M\text{ }C_8H_7N_3O_2[/tex]The molarity of the stock solution is 0.75 M C8H7N3O2.
.
It reacts with oxygen according to the following equation:
B2H6(g)+3O2(g)→B2O3(s)+3H2O(l)
How many grams of diborane will react with 7.1 mol of O2 ?
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 65.32 grams of B₂H₆ will react with 7.1 mol of O₂.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
B₂H₆ + 3 O₂ → B₂O₃ + 3 H₂O
By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
B₂H₆: 1 moleO₂: 3 molesB₂O₃: 1 moleH₂O: 3 molesThe molar mass of the compounds is:
B₂H₆: 27.6 g/moleO₂: 32 g/moleB₂O₃: 69.6 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleThen, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
B₂H₆: 1 mole ×27.6 g/mole= 27.6 gramsO₂: 3 moles ×32 g/mole= 96 gramsB₂O₃: 1 mole ×69.6 g/mole= 69.6 gramsH₂O: 3 moles ×18 g/mole= 54 gramsMass of B₂H₆ requiredThe following rule of three can be applied: If by reaction stoichiometry 3 moles of O₂ react with 27.6 grams of B₂H₆, 7.1 moles of O₂ react with how much mass of B₂H₆?
mass of B₂H₆= (7.1 moles of O₂× 27.6 grams of B₂H₆)÷ 3 moles of O₂
mass of B₂H₆= 65.32 grams
Finally, 65.32 grams of B₂H₆ is required.
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PLEASE HELP ASAP.
What conditions are being experienced
by an observer in Florida when the moon
is at Position 2?
Answer:
the conditions are that when the moon is at point 2 is that the moon is covering Florida so that means that part of the earth is dark whilst others is light
Explanation:
Nuclear energy is produced and converted at nuclear power plants.
Which kind of nuclear energy is used in homes?
light energy
electrical energy
solar energy
heat energy
Nuclear energy produces electricity or electrical energy that can be used to power homes, schools, businesses, and hospitals.
What is Nuclear energy ?A type of energy emitted by an atom's nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons, is known as nuclear energy. Fission, which occurs when atoms' nuclei split into numerous portions, and fusion, which occurs when nuclei fuse together, are the two methods in which this type of energy can be created.
Nuclear power plants turn water into steam in a controlled setting using heat produced by nuclear fission, which drives generators to generate electricity.Nuclear energy is recyclable even though it is not a renewable energy. 96% of the spent nuclear fuel in reactors is recyclable thanks to Orano's innovations, which are unparalleled in the world on an industrial scale.Learn more about Nuclear energy here:
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Engineers must consider how removing or adding thermal energy changes the energy in materials on the molecular level. Describe how the different
weather conditions would affect the concrete in the roads and what the construction teams might need to consider when choosing materials for each
road.
The thermal energy will affect the temperature of road and increase the temperature which causes cracks on the roads after some times. Thus the construction team must use temperature resistant material.
What is thermal energy?Thermal energy is defined as internal energy present in a thermodynamically balanced system as a result of its temperature.
It can also be defined as the energy derived from matter's temperature.
There are three types of thermal energy transfer.
ConductionRadiationConvectionThus, the thermal energy will affect the temperature of road and increase the temperature which causes cracks on the roads after some times. Thus the construction team must use temperature resistant material.
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What triggers the development of a tornado?
A.
unstable Coriolis forces
B.
water vapor rising too quickly from the ocean
C.
the colliding of two cold fronts
D.
a cold air mass colliding with a hot air mass
A cold air mass colliding with a hot air mass triggers the development of a tornado and is denoted as option D.
What is Tornado?
This is referred to as a violently rotating column of air and it is caused as a result of different types of factors such as the humidity , temperature etc.
A tornado is usually very violent and it is formed when cold air mass collides with a hot air mass and is often characterized by a green color in most situations and is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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Thorium emits a beta particle is it a chemichal or nuclear reaction
Answer:
It is a nuclear reaction as Thorium here undergoes beta decay which is nuclear reaction
Explanation:
Beta decay occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a beta particle and energy. A beta particle is either an electron or a positron. Positron can be considered as an anti-electron as it has a positive charge unlike electrons. When the beta particle is an electron, the decay is called beta-minus decay. When the beta particle is a positron, the decay is called beta-plus decay. Beta-minus decay occurs when a nucleus has too many neutrons relative to protons, and beta-plus decay occurs when a nucleus has too few neutrons relative to protons. Thorium undergoes beta minus decay and produces Actinium and an electron.